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No ifs, ands, or cigarette butts...
Outdoor spaces have become public ashtrays. An estimated 4.5 trillion butts are littered
world-wide every year. In Canada, a 0.5% increase in the federal excise tax would generate over $5 million in revenue. Is it time to consider an anti-litter tax to fund clean up campaigns?

Additional Information from the Tobacco Control Reference Catalogue

Cigarette butt litter
http://www.longwood.edu/cleanva/cigarettelitterhome.html
Examining the environmental impacts that cigarette litter causes, this website also offers suggestions on how to stop such litter. Please note: This website is a project of a non-profit agency which had received funding from Philip Morris, USA.

Cigarette butts
Clean Up Australia.
Glebe, N.S.W.: Clean Up Australia, [2005]. [Report]
Table of contents : Cigarette butts and the environment - What are butts made of? - Environmental impact of discarded butts - Cigarette butts and stormwater - The impact of cigarette butts on marine life - Fines for cigarette litter - So what can I do? - References.

Litter management in designated outdoor smoking areas
Victorian Litter Action Alliance.
Melbourne, Vic.: Victorian Litter Action Alliance, [2006]. [Report]
Table of contents : Cigarette butt litter statistics - Keeping it clean - Smoker attitudes - Infrastructure - Cigarette butt litter and the law.

Tobacco's impact on the environment
Citizens for Clean Open Spaces.
San Mateo, Calif.: Citizens for Clean Open Spaces, [2003]. [Fact Sheet]
Table of contents : What's in a cigarette butt? - Why is there so much butt litter? - How do cigarette butts contribute to water pollution? - How significant is the impact of non-point source pollution on water quality? - How do cigarette butts impact aquatic life? - How does cigarette butt litter affect beaches? - How does cigarette butt litter affect the food chain? - How does tobacco contribute to outdoor air pollution? - What other impacts of tobacco and cigarette butts on the environment?.

Variation in, and causes of, toxicity of cigarette butts to a cladoceran and microtox
Micevska, T.; Warne, Michael S.; Pablo, F.; Patra, R.
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 50(2): 205-212. February 2006. [Article]
This ecological study quantified the association between tobacco smoking and residential-fire mortality, while controlling for selected socioeconomic factors. A 1% decrease in smoking corresponded to a modeled 7% decrease in residential-fire mortality rates.